Looking at the wine map of Poland, the wealth of vineyards is so great that it really takes many weeks to be able to see them all.... and even more time to be able to taste their products. However, the place which in a way facilitates such trips is the Willa Odkrywców Hotel in Szklarska Poręba, which tries to unite and consolidate the entire wine world.
The Willa Odkrywców Hotel is a perfect place to start a wine adventure, as well as being a great place to end it.
The wine-growing region of Lower Silesia is extremely diverse and rich. Here we can find vineyards located quite low above sea level, where the climate is relatively mild for our country, but there are also vineyards located in extremely picturesque foothills, such as the Agat vineyard from Sokołowiec in the Kaczawskie Mountains.
Vineyard 55-100 is a young vineyard located in the Trzebnickie Hills, an area with a centuries-old viticulture tradition.
This area has the longest growing season in Poland.
The vineyard is located 20 km north of Wrocław, in the town
of Rzepotowice. It combines modernity with tradition.
Adoria vineyard is run by its owner, Mike Whitney, and a group of associates. Mike was born among the vineyards of California, then moved with his family to Washington State at a time when the state's vineyards were beginning to challenge Californians for the title of America's best wineries. In 1995, he settled in Poland. His destiny was to combine his love and knowledge of wine with the ideal conditions of south-western Poland. That is why he created the Adoria Winery.
The Agat vineyard owes its name to the numerous agatics found in the area. The first plantings began in 2007, gradually enlarging the vineyard to 1.5 ha. As in many other vineyards in Poland, many different grape varieties were planted for trial, assessing their suitability in our area.
The best ones were: the white ones - riesling, johanniter, solaris and pinot gris, and the red ones - rondo, regent, cabernet cortis. The vineyard is situated at an altitude of 320-330 m above sea level, on the slope of a volcano that has died out about 300 million years ago. Additionally, the south-west exhibition provides excellent exposure. The oldest bushes are the roundabout and the regent. The first wines appreciated by our guests during the tasting were obtained from these grapes.
Alvarium Vineyard is a family farm, located in the village
of Ostaszów in the Przemków commune - in the heart of the Przemkowski Landscape Park. The quietness of the place, good soil conditions and sunlight, and above all the mild climate
of the region, made it a good place to grow vines. Currently, the vineyard covers an area of 0.35 ha, but its further development
is planned in the nearby Dalkowskie Hills.
The name of the Alvarium Vineyard (Latin: “apiary”, “ul”) refers
to the multi-generational tradition of producing natural bee honey. Importantly, both in the production of honey and wine, they rely on these traditional methods and do not use artificial additives. They follow the principle that they also create for themselves, and they want to eat and drink only the best.
The wine adventure began in 2014. The first vines were planted on the hill called "Fifteenth" in Krośnice. The vineyard was named "Anna" - in honor of her daughter, the youngest in the family.
It is a small family enterprise - therefore the hosts can cultivate any plant, control the quality of the fruit growing on it, and put their heart into production. The carefully selected grapes are picked by hand, carefully placed in boxes, all in order to deliver undamaged fruit to the winery, which significantly affects the taste and quality of the wine.
The Anna vineyard produces wines from five grape varieties: Cabernet Cortis, Rondo, Regent, Solaris and Johanniter.
The Lower Silesian Bergamuty Vineyard, founded by Marta Sierota, who already runs the biodynamic Podere Anime Mundi vineyard in Tuscany. Marta - following the example of several other producers in our country - decided to plant only two grape varieties, but no one else has ever bet on such a combination - pinot blanc and gamay. In our winebar you will find both wines from the Bergamuty Vineyard and the Tuscan Podere Anime Mundi.
In 2015, they planted their first grapevines, Riesling, and a year later, Solaris. In 2018, three more: Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay. The vineyard is situated in a picturesque corner at the foot of the Owl Mountains. They create wine with passion and commitment from hand-picked and selected fruits.
The climate and location create ideal conditions for the development of vines. They focus on the noble varieties of 'vitis vinifera', characterized by the highest quality of wines and recognition among connoisseurs. They began selling in 2018. Currently available: semi-dry Riesling and semi-sweet coupage Solaris / Riesling. In the future, they plan to expand the range with new strains. Who knows, maybe they will make the Bielawska Vineyard become the second Tuscany in the future.
The Celtica winery - is located in the buffer zone of the Ślężański Landscape Park at the foot of the magical Mount Ślęza - the cradle of the Celtic tribes, who brought to this area the ability to make wine as early as the 5th century BC. The first written references to winemaking in the area come from papal bulls from the 12th century. The plantation is situated on the eastern slopes of Mount Ślęza with a south-eastern exposure. The owners, Katarzyna and Przemysław Demek, have been gaining experience and experimenting with bought grapes and what good people have brought in since 2010. They now have over 5300 of their own vines - 8 leading varietals: Gewürztraminer, Solaris, Regent, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Johanniter and a few on trial: Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, Muscat Ottonel.
Christopher vineyard - founded by Krzysztof Kozaczuk in the smallest municipality in Lower Silesia - Jordanów Śląski, at an altitude of 160 m above sea level on a slightly sloping hillside with south-western exposure. Christopher - this is how Krzysztof was addressed by his friends when, a dozen or so years earlier, in a Balkan country, he was learning to enjoy wine. The process of fascination with wine and then with vines found its finale in 2013, planting the first vines such as Regent, Rondo, Marechal Foch, Leon Milot, Seyval Blanc, Bianca, Solaris. There are now almost 600 plantings.
Julia and Cuba grow vines on an area of one hectare. They started in 2018 by planting five grape varieties: chardonnay, johanniter, muscaris, solaris and regent. The location of the vineyard in the Ślęża massif and within the Ślężański Landscape Park undoubtedly adds to its charm and, according to the hosts, also has a positive effect on the growth of the vines due to the relatively small number of rainy days and strong, gusty storms with hail (so far).
Five labels were created and named after animals or places close to the Black Barn's heart :)
It is the only vineyard in Poland that produces wines in Kvevri.
It is a Georgian way of producing wine in ceramic amphoras.
The wines are unique, unique and very aromatic. It is the only Polish vineyard that was awarded during the Mundus Vini Biofach - the largest and the most prestigious competition of natural wines in the world. The wines are completely natural, produced on their own yeast (found on the fruit of the vineyard), they are unfiltered, without the addition of any clarifying agents.
Winnica Eno-Podkówka znajduje się we wsi Świdnik na Dolnym Śląsku w otulinie Rudawskiego Parku Krajobrazowego na terenie Natura 2000. Winnica położona jest na wysokości 450-500 m n.p.m. Obecnie obszar winnicy zajmuje około pół hektara i wciąż się powiększa. Ze wzgórza winnicy rozpościera się przepiękny widok z jednej strony na Karkonosze i masyw Snieżki, a z drugiej na lasy. Idealne miejsce na odpoczynek. W swojej ofercie winnica proponuje wina białe, czerwone, musujące, wina słomiane.
The vineyard was established in 2015 on the southern hill of Pawłowicka Góra (249.5 m above sea level), near the Pawłowice Palace. On an area of 1.2 ha, 4,500 vines of the Solaris, Johanniter, Siegerrebe, Cabernet Cortis, Rondo and Regent varieties are grown. Due to the good acclimatization of plants on heavy clay soil, further plantings are planned. The vineyards are run by Szymon Godyla, a graduate of Food Technology and Human Nutrition at the University of Life Sciences in Wrocław, during
his studies he studied one semester at the Humboldt University in Berlin. He gained practical knowledge and skills during internships at the German winery Vier Jahreszeiten under the Erasmus + program and the partnership of Kluczbork - Bad Dürkheim.
Jadwiga Vineyard was founded in 2015 on the plot 1 ha.
Varieties of the so-called hybrids: Rondo, Regent, Cabernet Cortis, Johanniter, Muscaris and Solaris. The name of the vineyard itself refers to the patron saint of this land, St. Jadwiga Śląska, and the vineyard logo is based on the shape of a princely miter. The first harvest took place in 2016 and the wine
is fermented in steel tanks. The immediate plans focus
on producing good quality wine and creating a brand and on the development of cooperation with local producers. One ideas include building a technical base for enotourism activities and joint promotion of local products.
The vineyard founded in 2002 by Artur Pajdosz. Since 2013,
the vineyard has been run by his son - Michał Pajdosz.
The cultivation is located in the central part of the Dałkowskie Hills (approx. 200 m above sea level, south-west exposure), currently it covers approx. 5 ha. An expansion is planned over the next few years. It is grown: rondo, regent, dornfelder, traminer, sibera, hibernal, solaris and others in smaller numbers. Wines from the Jakubów Vineyard are of a good standard, they have managed to gain recognition in various competitions and official tastings. The wines are officially on sale since 2014.
Jaspis Vineyard is located in the village of Dłużec, in the Lwówek Śląski district. It was founded in 2003, the owner of the vineyard is Bogusława Wolniewicz, but the main burden of running it falls on my father - Roman Wolniewicz. The vineyard was founded
in 2003. The plantings spread over time allowed for the gradual development of the entire cultivated area - the vineyard area
is 1.16 ha.
A very good location and equally good soil and climatic conditions allow the cultivation of vitis vinifera varieties
and organically complex hybrids. In the near future,
it is planned to improve the living and recreational conditions and build a winery.
It is located in the small town of Miękinia (about 26 km from Wrocław). Established in 2001 by Ewa and Lech Jaworek, it is one of the first and largest vineyards in Poland that cultivate noble grapevine vitis vinifera. The first grapes were harvested in 2003, thus creating a debut vintage consisting of such wines as: riesling, pinot noir, pinot gris, elbling. In 2006, Jaworek wines were included by the Ministry of Agriculture on the list of Traditional Products. Since 2015, the Gault & Millau Polska Yellow Guide has recommended Jaworek's products on the list of 160 creators of the best regional products in Poland. The vineyard also belongs to the Lower Silesian Culinary Trail - Tastes of Lower Silesia, promoting traditional products and cuisine
of our region.
Jerzmanice Zdrój vineyard - in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes, in the Kaczawa Valley, in the village of Jerzmanice Zdrój, Michal Kmita planted his first vines in 2014. Deeply rooted because his great-grandparents settled here, he initially set up a small hobbyist vineyard behind his house. It quickly evolved into something more. His wines contain only one ingredient: grape juice. He uses no mineral fertilisers, no sprays. He doesn't add sulphur, he doesn't acidify, deacidify or sweeten the wine. There is only wine in the bottle, and the wine range is coming soon.
The first grapevines were planted in 2003.
Currently, the vineyard in the area of 0.5 ha has new plantings
of processing grapevines, imported from Germany from professional nurseries. Varieties such as Regent, Rondo, Cabernet Cortis, Monarch, Solaris or Hibernal are perfect
for our climatic conditions. In the Katarzyna Vineyard, dessert grapevines are also grown, characterized by fruits with a unique taste and aroma. Currently wines from Katarzyna vineyard and mead (called Miodogroniec) has a regional wine certificate issued by the Lider A4 association, which proves the high quality of the drinks.
Kindler Vineyard is a relatively young place on the wine map of Lower Silesia. The vineyard is small and the grapevine bushes cover the basalt soil in the vicinity of the medieval fortress (Grodziec Castle) and the extinct volcanoes of the Kaczawskie Foothills. The wines obtained from it provide joy, harmony, beauty and sensuality, and at the same time heat, passion
and effort in striving for perfection.
Currently, the following grapevines are grown in the Kinlder Vineyard: solaris, pinot noir and riesling.
L'Opera Vineyard is a project that was created in 2014. The idea was born in the head of a brave and ambitious girl - Irmina Szpak and her two Italian friends who work in the wine industry in Italy. It all started a few years ago when the owner asked them for their opinion on the possibility of producing high quality wines in Poland. The L'Opera vineyard, through skilful processing of grapes grown with the utmost care, proves that the Polish lands are capable of offering experiences of the highest quality. Knowledge, passion, fertile soil, the right climate and the fusion of Italian and Polish hearts - these are just some of the elements that make it possible to create wines of the best quality.
Maika winery was established in Mielęcin in 2006. It now has a second owner ("Maika" is the former Angelika Vineyard). It occupies an area of 60 acres. Crops grown include: Sangiovese, Uva di troia, Trebbiano, Aglianico, Palieri, Vittoria, Riesling. Despite the cold winters, the owners manage to produce both white and red wine. The grapes themselves are also sold. The grape harvest usually takes place a little later - it starts in September, but the last harvest is sometimes even at the beginning of November.
Katarzyna Mucha-Michlewicz and Michał Michlewicz had a dream that they managed to make come true - their own vineyard. A charming place located in the village of Zawonia, in the heart of the Trzebnickie Hills in the Silesian Voivodeship. They grow varietals such as Chardonnay, Dornfelder, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Souvignier Gris, Zweigelt. Their Pet-Nat Riesling in the pet-nat wine category and Rose Zweigelt in the rosé wine category won bronze medals in the 2022 Polish wine competition in Poznań.
Młynowo vineyard is a family enterprise with a plantation in the Lower Silesian town of Przemków. Father - the head of the Family, has always dreamed of his own vineyard. Those few years when he lived in Spain, he spent visiting vineyards and deepening his knowledge of oenology and the vinification process. He invited his children to make his dream a reality. Currently, the vineyard has an area of 1 hectare where the following varietals are grown: Cabernet Cantor, Roessler, Souvignier Gris and Johanniter.
Moderna Vineyard was established in 2015 in the Trzebnickie Hills, in Krakowiany (20 km north of Wrocław), in a region with
a centuries-old tradition of viticulture, characterized by the longest growing season in Poland. The vineyard is situated at
an altitude of 183 to 200 m above sea level, south and south-west exposure. The substrate is loess soil. The following varieties
of white grapes are cultivated: johanniter, riesling, chardonnay, muscaris and red ones: rondo and cabernet cortis. The total planted acreage is 10,258 plants, on an area of 2.4 ha.
As emphad by the owner of the vineyard, Nestor Kościański: "modern construction and minimalism are the features that combine the modernism of Wrocław that inspires us with the architecture of our wine".
Nature, curiosity, adventure, passion and the desire to create
a new and unique wine brought five friends who on 5 hectares they planted 9 varieties of vines. Each of them was carefully selected to create a taste and atmosphere of wine unique for
the local town.
Innocent Field vineyard - founded by Paulina Pytowska, together with her husband, parents and sister. Paulina's mother Anna, who has been passionate about viticulture for years, came up with the idea. In 2019, a 1.3-ha vineyard was established in the village of Pławna near Strzelin in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, where varieties such as Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Solaris, Seyval Blanc, Pinot Gris and Cabernet Cortis are planted.
A small, family-run vineyard located in the heart of the Barycz Valley Landscape Park. The first plantings in Radziądz took place in 2013. On 0.5 hectares of the vineyard, varietals such as Riesling, Johanniter, Solaris, Muscaris, Pinot Noir, Regent, Monarch and Dornfoelder were planted.
OTOK vineyard located in the picturesque village of Pogorzała, borders with the Ksiaz Landscape Park. Its name comes from the mountain on which it is situated. In 2011, two colleagues, wine enthusiasts, planted two thousand plants at the southern exhibition. Five hundred of the four selected varieties.
The Auxerrois, Fruhburgunder, Solaris and Ehrenfelser strains initiated a new wine-flowing adventure. It was the first plot. Currently, the vineyard has gained another two and still has potential. Ultimately, approximately six hectares will be planted. Certainly, the quality of wines is greatly influenced
by performing all the work by hand, as well as many years of experience and the constant improvement of knowledge
by the owners.
A small vineyard in Zachowice near Wrocław with a surface area of 1.2 hectares. The first planting took place in 2016.
A young winery located away from the hustle and bustle of the city, in Ułanów near Polkowice, owned by Mr Roman Fabjanowski.
Saganum is the historic Latin name for Żagań in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It lies in the picturesque Bóbr Valley, in Bożnów near Żagań, and historically refers to the vineyards of the area. The clay-sandy soils deposited by the river Bóbr and honed by the last glaciation make the climate for ripening fruit here unique. The vineyard was established in 2017. The vineyard's 2.3 hectares are planted with: Gewürztraminer, Riesling, Solaris, Souvignier Gris, Hibernal, Pinot Noir, Dornfelder, Rondo and Regent.
Silensi Winery - founded in 2015 in the village of Wojnarowice in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, by the second generation of the Stefanski family, who arrived in 1947 from the Laon area in France. The project was created out of respect for the multicultural history of the region and out of the search for ways to unite Family and Friends in the fruits of labour - to the glory of the Creator and the benefit and joy of the People. The knowledge gained under the guidance of experienced practitioners and lecturers, and the process of continuous improvement, each year yields progress on the journey from vine shoot to drink of the gods. In an area of more than one hectare, varieties of wine grapes proper are cultivated: Riesling, Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Sauvignion Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignion and Gewürztraminer.
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The idea of establishing a vineyard appeared in the head of Jarosław Mazurek, in 2016 the first works started, and the plantings immediately covered 11 hectares of vines. A total of 11 grape varieties were planted in this large, for the average of the Polish vineyard, area - the most riesling, johanniter and solaris, but there are also souvignier gris, roter riesling, seyval blanc, rondo, regent and cabernet cortis.
Behind all of them stand two people and their passion - Jadzia and Piotr, who four years ago bought their first hectare of land... and that's how it all started. Currently, the vineyard includes both cultivation of black currant of the Gofert variety, and vines. Most of the plantings are Gewurztraminer, for which the hosts went to Alsace in order to extract the unique aroma of this variety. The vineyard is located in an unusual and picturesque place - not far from Wrocław, directly on the slopes of the Ślęża mountain in the Ślężański Landscape Park.
We do not produce wine. We create them.
A family vineyard in Boleścin near Trzebnica. The small village, together with the vineyard established in 2011, is an integral part of the landscape of the Trzebnica Hills. The owner, Mr Zbigniew, is constantly experimenting and testing the possibilities the location offers. Thus, many varieties grow in the vineyard, both those more proven in Polish vineyards, as well as less popular ones, such as chardonnay, johanniter, solaris, rondo, regent, siegerrebe, eserszegi füszeres and roesler and dornfelder.
Stary Wielisław vineyard - in the village of Stary Wielisław in Kotlina Kłodzka, in 1990, Leszek Gawroński established a 22-acre vineyard. The idea of setting up a vineyard was born back in the mid 1980s, when the farmer and his college friend passionately analysed the habitat conditions and climate in Kotlina Kłodzka. In 2008, he started building a winery and produces wine for his own use. He grows varieties: Aurora, Dornfelder, Acolon, Regent, Bianca and other varieties brought in a few each from Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany, which he tests in this habitat.
Ślężańska Ramut vineyard - under the Witch's mountain called Ślęża, on the edge of the village of Świątniki in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, there is the Ślężańska Vineyard. A family vineyard uniting several generations. Ewa, Wojciech and Kazimierz Ramut founded it in 2017 and since then the whole family has been making sure that the grapes for the wine are the best. Surrounded by a cherry orchard, they grow grape varieties such as Solaris, Riesling, Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Regent, Dornfelder, Cabernet Dorsa, Pinot Noir.
The vineyard was established in 2004 on an area of 40 ares in the town of Makowice (Świdnica commune). In the first years of operation, the area was planted with various varieties.
However, as experience gained, new grape varieties, imported especially for this habitat, appeared on subsequent plots. Today the vineyard covers an area of 3.65 ha, on four plots of land with completely different soil properties.
The name of the vineyard refers to the close vicinity of the city
of Świdnica. On the eastern side, the Ślęża Massif towers over the plain, on the southern side Góra Sowie with Wielka Sowa in the foreground, and on the west Góra Wałbrzyskie. The vineyard located at an altitude of 255 m above sea level gives the impression that it towered over the entire area.
The Trzebnicka Vineyard is an extraordinary magical corner established in spring 2020 by Paula and Kornelius. Two red vitis vinifera varieties were planted - Pinot Noir and Zweigelt. Three years later, in the spring of 2023, the vineyard was expanded with the white grape varieties Chardonnay, Riesling, Solaris, Souvignier Gris. The vineyard was established on land with a strong winemaking tradition started by the Cistercians. It is located in the village of Brochocin Trzebnicki, in the fertile, picturesque and loess areas of the Trzebnickie Hills.
The name of the vineyards determines their location - they are
in the beautiful landscape range of the Trzebnickie Hills.
It is a wine project that combines two crops: the Jaksonowice Vineyard and the Węgrów Vineyard. Both vineyards are located on a southwestern slope and a loess substrate, which gives excellent growing conditions. The owners successfully grow vitis vinifera, varieties such as Chardonnay, Riesling and Pinot Gris. The current crops cover an area of 3.5 hectares. The nature and quality of wines is built consistently.
They are an excellent example of the fact that with a well-chosen location and a skilful approach, you can obtain satisfactory results from grapevine cultivation.
Zakrzewo Vineyard was established as a family venture in 2016 in the Kotlina Żmigrodzka (45 km from Wrocław) at an altitude of 101 m above sea level. The vineyard is owned by Konrad Tarbaj - a horticultural engineer by education, a winemaker by passion. The unique climate in which the vineyard is located is conducive to vine cultivation, which in later stages translates into the quality of the wines. The Strupiński, Warzęgowski and Trzebnickie Hills and the Barycz Valley are in the neighbourhood. The picturesque region is conducive to hiking and cycling tourism. The vineyard covers an area of 1.2 hectares and the varieties planted are: Solaris, Bianca, Dawn, Hibernal, Regent, Marechal Foch, Marquette.
Sea. Vineyard. Forest. The Darłowo vineyard is the northernmost vineyard in Poland. It is located in Darłowo itself, surrounded by lush forests and fields, 4 km from the sea. Currently, the Darłowo vineyard covers an area of 2 hectares, but the owners have not yet said their last word. They put a lot of effort and even more heart into their work - the result is three types of red wine and four white wines. The 7,000 seedlings that are in the vineyard are varieties: Cabernet Cortis, Muscaris and Solaris.
The vineyard is located in the Brzesko region near the village of Krzyżowice in the Opole region, in the vicinity of the Odra and Nysa Kłodzka rivers. The unique microclimate and loamy-sandy soil in one of the warmest regions in Poland make it possible to create unique wines. Production is based on reducing the carbon footprint, restoring the soil profile and the biological balance on the vineyard. The leading grape varieties are Solaris and Johanniter, as well as Pinot Noir and Cabernet Cortis.
The winery is located in the village of Laz, near Zielona Góra, which is a traditional wine-growing area. The Miłosz Winery prides itself on fine wines made from old vine varieties, grown here at least since the 16th century - Pinot Noir, Traminer, Pinot Gris or Tauberschwarz. The winery also does not shy away from newer varietals such as Devin, Zweigelt, Dornfelder and Alibernet. The advantage of the winery is that it only grows the noble grape, vitis vinifera.
The beginnings of the Płochocki vineyard date back to 2006, when Mrs Basia and her husband Marcin bought a farm on the southern slope of a hill in the village of Daromin. In the same year, the first plantings began. Currently, the Plochocki vineyard grows more than 20 grape varieties on about 7 hectares of land. And every year more than a dozen types of wine are made from them, varied in aroma, character and dryness.
The Spotkaniówka vineyard was established in 2006. It has a fruitful area of 1.35 hectares and is located at an altitude of approximately 320 metres above sea level. The vineyard is a family-run venture, which allows exceptional standards to be maintained during wine making. Seven grape varieties are grown in the vineyard. These are: Bianca, Seyval Blanc, Hibernal and Souvgnier Gris for white wines, and Rondo, Regent and Cabernet Cortis for red wines. This number of varieties allows the creation of different variations of wines, including the flagship wine Cuvee Polomia which is a coupage of red wines.
One of the first vineyards producing biodynamic wines has been established on a sunny hill in Pawlikowice near Wieliczka. It covers an area of 15 hectares. It is the joint work of Agnieszka Rousseau and Piotr Jaskóła. Greenery reigns around the vineyard and the silence is interrupted by birdsong. 8,000 vines were planted here in 2013 (20,000 are growing today) from the varieties Chardonnay, Riesling, Merlot, Cabernet, Muscat, Gruener Veltliner and Pinot Noir. In the orchard, old varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries are planted alongside the vines. Flax, rapeseed, sunflower, buckwheat, clover, mustard and herbs are also grown here. This has provided the conditions for a balanced environment. The vines here are defended against pests and plant diseases by natural defenders. Nobody fights nature here....